水蒸气引起感烟火灾探测器误报研究

针对水蒸气这种典型的火灾探测误报源．在自行研制的火灾探测综合模拟实验平台中,通过收集水沸腾形成的水雾模拟水蒸气干扰源,研究了冬季与夏季,即不同环境温度务件下,水蒸气对散射型光电感烟火灾探测器的误报影响。通过比较感烟火灾探测器的输出值与其附近湿度变化曲线,分析了误报发生的原因。结果表明在气温较低的冬季,水蒸气较易形成液态小水珠,容易导致感烟火灾探测器误报;而在夏季由于气温较高,这种误报不易发生。     

Liquefaction process for a hydrothermally treated waste mixture containing plastics

Most landfilled plastic waste is a mixture or is in the form of composites with incombustible wastes such as glass, metals, and ceramics. After hydrothermal treatment, including a steam-explosion process, the separation of mixed waste (MW) into organic and inorganic substances becomes easy. However, the effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on the subsequent liquefaction of organic substances from MW is not obvious. In this study, the effects on the liquefaction of polystyrene and high-density polyethylene are discussed. Moreover, optimum conditions for the liquefaction of organic substances from hydrothermally treated MW are identified. By means of this hydrothermal pretreatment, including the steam-explosion process, polystyrene and high-density polyethylene can be significantly converted to oil by liquefaction at 300°–400°C. In comparison with liquefaction of hydrothermally pretreated mixed waste (HMW) at 300°–400°C with a batch type reactor, the yield of oil increases significantly on liquefaction using a semi-batch type reactor. It is considered that the radical chain and termination reactions among the radicals from HMW were inhibited in the semi-batch type reactor. On liquefaction of HMW in a semi-batch reactor, the conversion of HMW to oil was enhanced on increasing the liquefaction temperature to 350°C and the holding time to 60 min. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

基于Bayesian网络的常减压装置设备故障概率分析

为分析影响常减压蒸馏装置平稳运行的设备失效模式及故障部件,基于1 151条设备故障数据,采用Bayesian网络分析方法,分别对离心泵、压缩机、电动机构建基于Bayesian网络的设备故障概率分析模型,分析故障部件、失效模式、故障后果之间的定量概率关系。研究结果表明:离心泵、压缩机、电动机停运的关键致因部件分别为轴承箱密封故障、活塞环故障、轴承故障,同时得到导致设备停运的故障部件敏感度排序。研究结果有助于提高设备故障风险防范及检维修工作效率,同时可为备件优化方案提供思路。     

BLEVE: The case of water and a historical survey

After a short update of the current more accepted definition of BLEVE, the special features of water BLEVEs are analyzed. The stronger overpressure wave generated in the case of water as compared to that of other substances is justified in terms of volume change. Through a comparison with liquefied pressurized propane, three possibilities are analyzed: the simultaneous contribution of both the liquid and the preexisting vapor, the contribution of the liquid flash vaporization, and the contribution of the pre-existing vapor. Also a historical survey on a set of 202 BLEVE accidents –the largest sample of BLEVE accidents surveyed until now– is presented. LPG was the most common substances in this set of accidents. However, water and LNG (11% of water and 4% of LNG in the studied cases) have also been involved. Impact failure (44.8%) and human factor (30.3%) were the most common causes of BLEVEs. Transport, storage, process plants, and transfer were the activities in which more accidents occurred.     

废弃含汞灯具中荧光粉分析及汞处理

废旧直管型荧光灯、节能灯及高压汞灯等照明灯具所用荧光粉中含有重金属汞,由此带来的汞污染已危及人体健康与生态安全。分析了废弃含汞灯具中荧光粉混合物的粒径分布以及不同粒径筛分物中塑料的组分含量和汞含量,并研究了不同加热时间、加热温度对汞蒸馏效果的影响。结果表明:含汞荧光粉原料中塑料含量占1.00%,粒径大于150μm的玻璃颗粒占72.00%以上,其汞含量仅为9 mg/kg;在恒定氮气量为2L/min的条件下,利用管式炉在700℃的温度下加热240min,汞的蒸馏效果最佳,汞蒸馏效率为61.11%~95.26%。     

DESIGN OF DESALTING PLANTS FOR CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION1

ABSTRACT The selection of an evaporator design must reflect the balancing of captial cost (primarily in heat exchanger surface and vessels) against operating cost (primarily steam cost) to achieve minimum cost. In a conjunctive plant the tendency is to select a low-capital cost, high-operating cost plant. In addition, it is advantageous to use a high-capacity plant which needs to be operated much less of the time than a plant which is sized just at the needed rate. For example, in the study of a possible system to satisfy a future increase of 450 MGD in water supply to New York Qty, a plant of 750 MGD capacity was selected as optimum. This plant, of the advanced VTE-MSF process type, would have a performance ratio of 9 lb product/1000 Btu as compared to 10-13 normally used for base-loaded plants. Steam would be supplied by a multi-unit dual-purpose nuclear power plant. The most economical type of energy supply would be “interruptible”; the steam would be used by a low pressure turbine to generate electricity during periods of peak electrical demand but would be available to the desalting plant at other times. The low pressure turbine would be available as spinning reserve during desalting plant operation. It is estimated that the desalting plant would have a load factor of 27 per cent over its life.     

环氧丙烷生产废液中1,2 -二氯丙烷的回收

介绍了从环氧丙烷生产废液中回收1，2-二氯丙烷的新方法。采用常压精馏、减压精馏、共沸精馏工艺分离环氧丙烷生产废液中的1，2-二氯丙烷。实验结果显示，共沸精馏工艺的效果最好；在含有一定量的共沸剂、釜温100℃、顶温86℃、回流比为1的条件下，塔顶馏分中1，2-二氯丙烷的质量分数可达到98％以上，1，2-二氯丙烷的回收率可达到97％以上。     

Production of hydrogen by steam gasification of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) or activated carbon in the presence of various alkali compounds

Steam gasification of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) or activated carbon was carried out in the presence of various alkali compounds at 3.0 MPa and 560°C–660°C in a batch reactor or in a semi-batch reactor with a flow of nitrogen and steam. Hydrogen and sodium carbonate were the main products, and methane and carbon dioxide were the minor products. Yields of hydrogen were high in the presence of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The acceleration effect of the alkali compounds on the gasification reaction was as follows: KOH > NaOH > Ca(OH)₂ > Na₂CO₃. The rate of gasification increased with increasing partial steam pressure and NaOH/C molar ratio. However, the rate became saturated at a molar ratio of NaOH/C greater than 2.0.     

Steady-state analyses for reactive distillation control: An MTBE case study

An approach, based purely on steady-state analyses, for synthesizing effective control structures for reactive distillation (RD) columns is presented. The main idea is to analyze the steady-state relationships between the manipulated (input) variables and the potential controlled (output) variables to identify input–output (IO) pairings that are sensitive and avoid steady-state multiplicities providing a large range of nearly linear operating region around the base case design. Traditional SISO control loops are then implemented using these IO pairings to obtain control structures that maintain the column near the design product purity and conversion for the anticipated primary disturbances. The Niederlinski Index is used to eliminate dynamically unstable pairings in control structures with multiple loops. The approach is demonstrated on an example MTBE RD column. The impact of steady-state multiplicities on control structure design is highlighted.     

尿中氚水和总氚的对比分析测定研究

用蒸馏液闪法测量尿中氚水浓度 ,用氧化蒸馏液闪法测量尿中总氚 (氚水和有机氚 )浓度。同时测量了 1999年核设施退役时接触氚人员的高于本底水平的尿中氚水和总氚浓度 72个样品。比较氚水和有机氚浓度 ,得到有机氚浓度占氚水浓度的平均值为 (5 4± 3 7) % ,其值与理论值和动物实验值基本相符